Regulatory toxicology is a subfield of toxicology that involves the study of the safety of chemicals and other substances in the environment, in consumer products, and in food and drugs. It is a critical component of public health and safety, as regulatory toxicologists evaluate the potential hazards of substances and determine the level of exposure…

Forensic toxicology is the scientific study of the effects of toxic substances on biological systems, with an emphasis on the legal aspects of the discipline. Forensic toxicologists use their knowledge of toxicology to help legal professionals, such as police officers, lawyers, and judges, in criminal and civil cases. Their work involves analyzing biological samples, such…

Clinical toxicology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of poisoning and drug overdose. Poisoning is a serious medical emergency that requires urgent intervention to prevent morbidity and mortality. Clinical toxicologists are experts in the management of poisonings and drug overdoses, and play a critical role in ensuring the…

What are Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics? Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are two terms that are often used interchangeably in the medical field. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects the body. The influence of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on…

What are NDA-enabling toxicology studies? NDA-enabling toxicology studies are conducted to assess the potential toxicity of a new drug or therapy. These studies are important to ensure that the new drug or therapy is safe for human use. NDA-enabling toxicology studies are typically conducted in animals, and the results of these studies are used to…

What are IND-enabling toxicology studies? The Investigational New Drug (IND) program is a key part of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) drug development process. INDs are required for all new drugs that are not yet approved by the FDA. Toxicology studies are an important part of the IND process. These studies help to…

What is toxicology? Toxicology also called the science of poisons, is a branch of science, medicine, and biology that studies adverse effects that occur in living organisms and the environment due to chemicals, substances (including environmental agents and chemical compounds found in nature, as well as pharmaceutical compounds that are synthesized for medical use by…

What is pharmacology? Pharmacology is a branch of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences that deals with the study of drugs (any natural, artificial, or endogenous molecule that has a biochemical or physiological effect), their impact on the body, and their properties. More specifically it is the study of how chemicals interact with living organisms and what…

What is GLP? Good laboratory practice (GLP) is a set of principles and guidelines that govern the operation of laboratories. GLP covers all aspects of laboratory operations, including the design and construction of laboratories, the selection and training of personnel, the conduct of experiments, the recording and reporting of data, and the storage and retrieval…

In vitro is an artificial environment created in a laboratory, while in vivo refers to the natural environment of an organism. In vitro studies are conducted using isolated cells or tissues, while in vivo studies are conducted in whole organisms. What is in vitro? In vitro is an artificial environment in which scientific research is…