Neurotoxicity studies are preclinical studies that are conducted to evaluate the potential adverse effects of a substance on the nervous system. These studies are typically conducted in laboratory animals, such as rats or mice, to assess the safety of a drug or other substance before testing in humans. The primary objective of neurotoxicity studies is…

Microbiome research is a rapidly expanding field that focuses on understanding the complex communities of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, that inhabit various environments within and on the human body. These microbial communities, collectively referred to as the human microbiome, play a crucial role in human health and disease. The majority of microbiome…

Gene therapy is a promising and rapidly evolving field of medical research that aims to treat or prevent diseases by introducing, modifying, or repairing genetic material within a patient’s cells. It offers a potential solution for various genetic disorders, certain types of cancer, and some viral infections. Gene therapy can be broadly categorized into two…

Biopharmaceuticals are a class of therapeutic drugs derived from biological sources, such as living organisms or their components. They include proteins, nucleic acids, and complex carbohydrates, as well as living cells and tissues. Biopharmaceuticals are distinct from traditional small-molecule drugs, which are chemically synthesized. Due to their complex nature and biological origin, biopharmaceuticals often have…

Personalized medicine, also known as precision medicine, is an emerging approach to healthcare that tailors prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies to an individual patient’s unique genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Genomics, the study of an organism’s complete set of DNA, plays a crucial role in enabling personalized medicine by providing insights into a person’s genetic…

Stem cell research and regenerative medicine are closely related fields that hold great promise for the development of novel therapies and treatments for various diseases and medical conditions. Stem cells are unique cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types, making them an invaluable resource for regenerative medicine. Stem cell research…

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from biology, engineering, and computer science to design, construct, and manipulate biological systems in a controlled and predictable manner. It aims to create novel biological systems and organisms with new functions and capabilities, as well as to improve the understanding of natural biological processes. Synthetic biology…

CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary gene-editing technology that has transformed the field of molecular biology and holds tremendous potential for applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a natural adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea, which they use to defend against invading viruses. Cas9 is an enzyme…

Toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics are essential components of drug safety assessment, as they provide insight into the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a compound in the body. These processes are crucial for understanding the potential risks and benefits of a drug candidate and informing decisions about dosing, formulation, and potential drug-drug interactions. Here, we…

Best practices for GLP compliance in pharmacology and toxicology studies involve adhering to the fundamental principles of Good Laboratory Practice. These practices help ensure the generation of high-quality, reliable, and reproducible data that can be used for regulatory submissions and decision-making. Below are some best practices for GLP compliance in pharmacology and toxicology studies: By…